Until recently, however, the contribution of political geography and border studies to the analysis of populism has been limited, even though borders, sovereignty, globalization, and inequality are crucial elements mobilized by the current populist wave. Geographers have made important contributions to explanations for the rise of populism, especially in Europe and the US, by exploring spatial cleavages in elections involving populist candidates ( Agnew & Shin, 2019 Furlong, 2019 van Gent et al., 2014), and by analyzing the emergence of populism as a response to the perverse effects of globalization ( Gordon, 2018 Ottaviano, 2019). In this intervention, we understand populism to signify, in general terms, a mixture of ideology and discursive style that articulates the will of the “pure people” against the “elites”, or more precisely, the struggle between a reified “will of the people” and a conspiring elite ( Brubaker, 2017a Mudde, 2004 Mudde & Kaltwasser, 2012). Populism differs greatly across space and time indeed, its definition is widely debated ( Gidron & Bonikowski, 2013). Research on populism has animated academic debate as populist parties and ideologies become increasingly salient globally ( Human Rights Watch, 2017 2018), and as recent events radically affect the border, security, and politics nexus. Borders, sovereignty, and the revival of territory
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